二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)工作原理是(shi)當外(wai)(wai)界(jie)有(you)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏置時，外(wai)(wai)界(jie)電(dian)場(chang)和自建電(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互相(xiang)抑消作用使載流(liu)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散電(dian)流(liu)增(zeng)加(jia)引起了正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)。當外(wai)(wai)界(jie)有(you)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏置時，外(wai)(wai)界(jie)電(dian)場(chang)和自建電(dian)場(chang)進(jin)一(yi)步加(jia)強，形成在一(yi)定反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍(wei)內與(yu)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏置電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)無關的(de)(de)(de)(de)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)飽和電(dian)流(liu)I0。大部分(fen)二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)所具備的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)我(wo)們通常稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)“整流(liu)（Rectifying）”功能。二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)較普(pu)遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能就是(shi)只允許電(dian)流(liu)由單一(yi)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通過（稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)順向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏壓(ya)(ya)），反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)時阻(zu)斷（稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)逆(ni)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏壓(ya)(ya)）。因(yin)此，二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)可(ke)以想成電(dian)子版的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)止閥。然而實際上(shang)二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)并(bing)不會表現出如此完美的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)與(yu)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)，而是(shi)較為(wei)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)非線性(xing)電(dian)子特(te)征——這是(shi)由特(te)定類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)技(ji)術決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)。二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)使用上(shang)除了用做開(kai)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式之外(wai)(wai)還有(you)很(hen)多(duo)其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能。正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)理想二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)在端子上(shang)施加(jia)任何正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時都包括無限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)。惠州(zhou)電(dian)子二(er)(er)(er)極管(guan)分(fen)類(lei)

二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)又(you)稱晶體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan),簡稱二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(diode)，另外(wai)，還有早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)；它是一(yi)種具有單(dan)向(xiang)傳導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件(jian)。在半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)部有一(yi)個(ge)PN結(jie)兩個(ge)引(yin)線端子(zi)，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件(jian)按照外(wai)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)，具備單(dan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉導(dao)性。一(yi)般來講，晶體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是一(yi)個(ge)由(you)p型(xing)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)和n型(xing)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)燒結(jie)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)p-n結(jie)界(jie)面。在其(qi)界(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩側形(xing)成空(kong)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷層，構成自建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)。當(dang)外(wai)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等于(yu)零時(shi)，由(you)于(yu)p-n結(jie)兩邊(bian)載流子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)差引(yin)起擴散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流和由(you)自建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漂移電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)等而處于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平衡狀態，這也是常態下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)特(te)性。廣州激光二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)分類(lei)穩壓(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)實質上是一(yi)個(ge)面結(jie)型(xing)硅二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，穩壓(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)工作在反向(xiang)擊穿狀態。

二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管是用(yong)(yong)半(ban)導(dao)(dao)體(ti)材料(硅、硒(xi)、鍺(zang))制成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)件，它(ta)具有單向(xiang)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)，即給二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)加(jia)上(shang)(shang)正向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)，二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管導(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)。當給陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)和陰極(ji)(ji)加(jia)上(shang)(shang)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)，二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管截(jie)止，因此，二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)和截(jie)止，則相當于開關的(de)(de)(de)接通(tong)(tong)與(yu)斷開。而我們講的(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)種特殊的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管，理想二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)上(shang)(shang)，它(ta)不僅起(qi)著安(an)裝(zhuang)、固定、密封(feng)、保(bao)護芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)及增強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱性能(neng)(neng)等方面的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，而且還通(tong)(tong)過(guo)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)接點用(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)線連接到(dao)封(feng)裝(zhuang)外(wai)殼的(de)(de)(de)引腳上(shang)(shang)，這些引腳又通(tong)(tong)過(guo)印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)線與(yu)其(qi)他器(qi)件相連接，從而實現內部芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)與(yu)外(wai)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)連接。因為芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)必須(xu)與(yu)外(wai)界隔離，以防止空氣中的(de)(de)(de)雜質對芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕而造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣性能(neng)(neng)下(xia)降。另一(yi)方面，封(feng)裝(zhuang)后的(de)(de)(de)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)也更便(bian)于安(an)裝(zhuang)和運(yun)輸。

理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)其(qi)實說(shuo)到底還是(shi)(shi)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)正向壓降為(wei)0，反向漏電流(liu)為(wei)0的(de)(de)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，這(zhe)種二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)只存在(zai)與理(li)論研究中(zhong)，只是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種假設，如為(wei)沒有(you)壓降，沒有(you)損耗，反向不(bu)會(hui)擊穿等(deng)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)狀態，而實際二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)達不(bu)到的(de)(de)。由于(yu)傳統(tong)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)它的(de)(de)PN結(jie)是(shi)(shi)有(you)壓差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)，這(zhe)個問題(ti)是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)辦(ban)法解(jie)決的(de)(de)。壓差(cha)(cha)越小，功(gong)率損耗也就(jiu)越小，降低二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)壓差(cha)(cha)成為(wei)主要的(de)(de)問題(ti)，但是(shi)(shi)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)從誕生至今都(dou)沒有(you)方法能(neng)完美的(de)(de)解(jie)決這(zhe)個問題(ti)，所以理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)只能(neng)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種設計，引導我(wo)們換一(yi)個角度思考。比較大整(zheng)流(liu)電流(liu)是(shi)(shi)指二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)長期連續工(gong)作時允許通過的(de)(de)比較大正向電流(liu)值，PN結(jie)面積(ji)及外部散熱條(tiao)件等(deng)有(you)關(guan).

二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是一種(zhong)具(ju)有單向導(dao)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)端器(qi)(qi)件(jian)，有電(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和晶體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)分(fen)，電(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)現(xian)已很少見(jian)到，比較(jiao)常見(jian)和常用的(de)(de)(de)多是晶體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)單向導(dao)電(dian)特(te)性，幾(ji)乎在所有的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路中，都要(yao)(yao)用到半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，它在許多的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)路中起著重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用，它是誕(dan)生較(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)之(zhi)一，其應用也(ye)非常廣。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)：硅二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（不(bu)發(fa)(fa)光類型）正(zheng)向管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)0.7V，鍺管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)為0.3V，發(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)會隨不(bu)同(tong)發(fa)(fa)光顏(yan)色而(er)不(bu)同(tong)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有三(san)種(zhong)顏(yan)色，具(ju)體(ti)(ti)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)參考值(zhi)如下：紅色發(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)為2.0--2.2V，黃色發(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)為1.8—2.0V，綠(lv)色發(fa)(fa)光二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)為3.0—3.2V，正(zheng)常發(fa)(fa)光時的(de)(de)(de)額定電(dian)流約為20mA。在二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)制造工(gong)藝上，使它有低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)擊穿特(te)性。穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)反向擊穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)恒定。廣州(zhou)激光二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)分(fen)類

在規定散熱條件下，二極(ji)(ji)管使用中不要(yao)超過(guo)二極(ji)(ji)管比較大(da)整(zheng)流電流值。惠州(zhou)電子二極(ji)(ji)管分類(lei)

正(zheng)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特性和一(yi)般(ban)用二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)相同。雖然其(qi)反(fan)(fan)方向(xiang)耐壓(ya)也是(shi)特別地高(gao)(gao)，但反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)，因(yin)此其(qi)特長(chang)是(shi)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻高(gao)(gao)。使用于高(gao)(gao)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和高(gao)(gao)阻負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，就(jiu)鍺材(cai)料高(gao)(gao)反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻型二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)而言，SD54、1N54A等(deng)等(deng)屬(shu)于這類二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。是(shi)比(bi)較大峰值反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和比(bi)較大直流反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)很(hen)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)。使用于高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)檢波(bo)和整流。這種(zhong)型號的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)一(yi)般(ban)正(zheng)向(xiang)特性不太好或一(yi)般(ban)。在點接(jie)觸(chu)型鍺二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中，有SD38、1N38A、OA81等(deng)等(deng)。這種(zhong)鍺材(cai)料二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，其(qi)耐壓(ya)受到(dao)限制。要求(qiu)更高(gao)(gao)時有硅合金和擴散(san)型。惠州電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)分類

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